For instance, now and then scientists are hampered by believing one of the over-simplified models of science that have been proposed by philosophers from Francis Bacon to Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper.

比如，科学家会不时因相信从培根到库恩、玻普这些哲学家所提出的过分简化的科学模型而受到桎梏。

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Then scientists can search for ways to alter them.

接下来科学家们可以研究出方法去改变它们。

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Since then, scientists have found clues to explain these animal transitions in the fossil and molecular records, as well as in energetic analyses, but the full story is yet to be discovered.

自那时起，科学家陆续找到了化石和分子水平的证据，以及通过能量分析来解释这一进化过程，但是尚未达到完全理解的程度。

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Then scientists learned how to put a Bt gene into cotton plants.

VOA: special.2010.05.25

And once he did that, both he and many other scientists, could then, once they understood what caused the fluorescence, make little changes to the actual protein, and tune what the properties of that fluorescent protein were.

而且一旦他做成了这个，一旦他们弄清楚了是什么导致萤光，他和其它很多科学家，就可以对蛋白质做微小的改变，调节蛋白质的荧光性质。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

But through using this sort of computer generation, and then asking people what they think of this face, what they think of that face, scientists have come to some sense as to what really makes a face attractive, both within cultures and across cultures.

但是通过使用电脑合成,然后问人们,他们觉得这个长相如何,那个长相如何,科学家多少了解到,怎样才算是迷人的面孔,无论是在一种文化下还是跨文化的

耶鲁公开课 - 心理学导论课程节选

By then scientists had discovered hundreds of kinase genes scattered throughout the human DNA sequence.

FORBES: Machine Gunner

Since then scientists at Los Alamos National Labs and MIT have concluded that, with more study, it could be a very safe disposal method.

FORBES: The Big Dig

Since then, scientists around the world have created cloned mice, cows, pigs and dogs.

BBC: 'First camel clone' born in Dubai