Many scholars trace the malady back a century when police began to take a cut from the wildly popular illegal lottery called the jogo de bicho.

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Simple clinical diagnosis would probably trace the condition back to 1896, the year of the first modern Olympic Games, when a trainee accountant from Melbourne called Edwin Flack headed to Greece as Australia's first Olympian.

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The gaps in the federal database trace back to a 1997 U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck down part of a law requiring states to report mental-health records, ruling that states could share such records as they wished.

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