By 1206, all the Mongol tribes were ready to recognize him as supreme leader.

到1206年，蒙古各部落都愿意认定他为最高统领。

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Surrounded by tall mud walls, the Mongol capital rose up out of the blank plains.

蒙古都城在空旷的平原上拔地而起，四周为高耸的土墙所环绕。

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The Lesser Horde (an administrative division of the Mongol empire) was proclaimed here.

内帐汗国(Lesser Horde)，蒙古帝国的一个行政区，也曾在此处宣告诞生。

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When the land-based routes became less accessible after the collapse of the Mongol empire, European traders sought a sea-based alternative.

ECONOMIST: World trade

Up until a couple of years ago this relatively isolated alley, surrounded by high-rise apartments in the western district of Xuanwu, was Beijing's oldest surviving alley, clocking in at a wheezing 900 years old and predating even the Mongol-designed hutong network.

BBC: Old Beijing at its timeless best

One such was a medieval theologian, Taqi al-Din ibn Taymiyya, a sort of Muslim Luther who in reaction to the Mongol onslaught of the 13th century preached a return to the essentials of the faith, which the ulema (clerics) of the time had forsaken.

ECONOMIST: In the name of Islam