Long-term effects are primarily mediated by changes in tree species composition and the consequent alterations of forest structure, productivity, and nutrient uptake.

长期影响主要是由树种组成的变化以及随之而来的森林结构、生产力和养分吸收的变化所导致的。

youdao

They measure and help monitor the status and changes of forests in quantitative, qualitative and descriptive terms that reflect forest values as seen by those who defined each criterion.

它们以定量、定性及描述的术语，量度森林的状况及变化，并促进对其的监测，这些术语可反映界定各项标准者所见证的森林价值。

youdao

The changes are manifested in belts from forest, bush, meadow and steppe to desert.

森林、灌丛、草甸、草原到荒漠呈带状更迭。

youdao

The presence of both pristine and rehabilitated forests makes Mount Kuwol an important area to study the ecological changes and effects of forest rehabilitation as well as the associated biodiversity.

UNESCO: Natural Sciences

The lower part is a mangrove forest and the rest has only modest elevation changes.

WSJ: Fairway to Rio: Golf Comes to the Olympic Games

Brazil's farmers have long pushed for changes to the forest code.

BBC: Brazil President Rousseff vetoes parts of forest law