METHODS: The experiments included diarrhea caused by Folium Sennae, pain caused by acetic acid, empty of mice stomach and inner pressure of rabbits' small intestine.

方法：番泻叶导致小鼠腹泻实验，冰醋酸导致小鼠疼痛实验，小鼠胃排空实验以及家兔离体小肠内压实验。

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Women participated in all the experiments, while men were included as a control group in one.

女性会参加所有的实验，男性作为一个实验中的对照组。

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The research involved two experiments — one that included eight participants and another that included 12.

这项研究包括两个实验，其中一个包括8个参与者，而另一包括12个参与者。

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As Darwin had suggested, heat and electricity were added to the mix to mimic the effects of vulcanism and lightning (later experiments also included light of the ultraviolet variety, to represent the powerful rays of the young sun).

ECONOMIST: Stanley Miller

The research team's findings, which appear this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, were drawn from seven separate experiments that together included more than 1, 000 people from all walks of life.

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