The multi pulse, mobility of the bubbles and the effect of water surface are considered in the calculation.

考虑到了水下爆炸气泡的脉冲多次性、迁移性和水面效应。

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Wetlands have a big effect on groundwater, the amount of water below the surface of the land.

湿地对地下水，即地表以下的水量影响很大。

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This effect explains why a straw in a glass of water appears to bend at the surface of the water.

这种作用解释了为什么看起来玻璃杯中的吸管在水面处弯曲。

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The Swedish government is funding research into the feasibility of using a wind-turbine driven oxygen pump in the Baltic, following studies carried out last year by the University of Gothenburg, which looked at the effect of pumping oxygen-rich surface water to the bottom of two Swedish fjords.

CNN: Can oxygen pump breathe life into ocean 'dead zone?'

The effect of these strengthened winds whipping across the sea surface is to bring deeper, more carbon-rich water up from below, thus reducing the surface layer's capacity to absorb more CO2 from the air.

ECONOMIST: Climate change