In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.
在欧洲，税收占汽油零售价的比例高达五分之四，因此，即使是原油价格发生了相当大的波动，对油品价格的影响也比过去要更轻微。
Export quotas and taxes have the effect of diverting the supply of raw materials to the producer's domestic economy, thus handing their manufacturers a competitive advantage in sourcing inputs.
出口配额和关税所具有的效应是，将原材料供应引向生产国本国的经济，让该国制造商在原材料采购方面获取竞争优势。
New studies on the effect of cigarette and alcohol sin taxes suggest heavy users are less influenced by price changes than others.
新的针对香烟和酗酒征税的研究显示，烟瘾和酒瘾很大的人受价格变动的影响要比其它人小。
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