In the 860's the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire's favor.

860年代，拜占庭帝国开始从阿拉伯人的入侵中恢复，因此到872年，与阿拔斯王朝的军事平衡永久地成为帝国的优势。

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Yet, no man," Hobbes continues, "can thence infer that a particular man has more liberty or immunity from the service of the commonwealth there than in Constantinople, the city of the Caliphs, the Caliphate.

言归正传，霍布斯继续说道,没有人敢说英联邦的人民,因为比君士坦丁堡的人民,有更多的自由而免于为国家服役，后者是哈里发-伊斯兰教国家领袖-所在地。

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Several Christian kingdoms pushed the Arabs south, finally reconquering the last remnant of the Caliphate of Al-Andalus in 1492.

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It was harder, you might think, for the Church of England and the Catholic establishment in France to explain their support of the caliphate.

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Regarding the latter, the progressive, centuries-long, gradual decline of Islam as a dominant force and civilization reached its nadir in 1924, when Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) simultaneously did away with the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire by overnight transforming the latter into a secular Turkish republic.

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