New policy tools to reduce carbon and other pollution, through cap-and-trade systems, taxes and fossil fuel consumption limits.
减少碳排放和其它污染的新的政策要靠限额交易系统、税收以及限制化石燃料消费运作起来。
To mitigate environmental problems, in recent decades some countries have developed a variety of market-oriented policy tools, such as environmental taxes, fees, or emission trading.
为了减轻环境问题，在近数十年来，一些国家已经制定了以市场为导向的政策工具，如环境税、费，或排放交易等。
Lump sum taxes do not distort but are unattractive as policy tools. Nevertheless, they are an important standard against which to compare the excess burdens of other taxes.
一次总付税不扭曲行为，但不是一种受欢迎的政策工具。然而，它可作为一种重要的标准，用来比较其他税种的超额负担。
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