This paper analyzes the substituting effect of forest certification against tariff barriers using a space-price gradient model, and gives Suggestions.

本文利用空间价格梯度场模型分析了森林认证对关税壁垒的替代效应，并在最后提出了相关建议。

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The Ministry of Commerce announced that the China-Peru Free Trade Agreement took effect Monday. More than 90% of goods would be tariff free in several phases.

商务部表示，《中国-秘鲁自由贸易协定》于1日起实施，中秘双方将对各自90%以上的产品分阶段实施零关税。

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The effect of a tariff, therefore, is to change the structure of American production.

因此，关税的作用是改变美国的生产结构。

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It takes two weeks to get a new phone connected and up to six weeks for a new tariff to take effect.

ECONOMIST: Letters

The two countries now have a month to negotiate a settlement before the proposed tariff increases go into effect.

ECONOMIST: Brazil, America and trade

Tariff escalation is, in effect, a tax on every step a country takes along the value chain.

ECONOMIST: World trade