XML is not tied to a particular programming language or operating system, thus it can be used as a protocol for information exchange between heterogeneous systems.

XML并不局限于某种特定的编程语言或操作系统，因而，它可以被用作异构系统间的信息交换协议。

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The purpose of a programming language is to help build good systems, where "good" can be defined in many ways.

一种编程语言的目的是帮助程序员建立好的系统，而“好”的定义多种多样。

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A number of issues creep up when it comes to taking the programming languages everyone used for back-end systems and leveraging them to generate markup language suitable for a client.

在后端系统使用编程语言并利用它们生成适合客户机的标记语言时，出现了大量问题。

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The Cascalog system has combined the Cascading system for abstraction of advanced data processing on Hadoop and other systems, the Datalog declarative programming language that is well suited for expressing database queries in an abstract form, and the Clojure language to create a declarative language for queries that can be run on Apache Hadoop.

FORBES: Why Adopting the Declarative Programming Practices Will Improve Your Return from Technology

Java is a programming language that enables software to run on many operating systems.

BBC: Java still contains security flaws, experts claim