Thus, surrogate endpoints like response rate and progression-free survival are commonly accepted, although all parties involved realize the risk involved.

因此，替代终点如反应率和无进展生存率被普遍接受，尽管各方意识到风险所在。

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Since 1992, the FDA has granted accelerated approval to drugs based on so-called surrogate endpoints, or initial measures that suggest the drug will make real improvements in patient health.

自从1992年起，FDA认为对那些基于所谓替代终点、或是被认为药物将使病人健康得到改善的药品实行加快审批是理所应当的。

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"The real lesson here is the danger of surrogate endpoints, " Brawley says.

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From the use of surrogate endpoints (based on biological plausibility and the results of preclinical studies) to the distinction between correlation and causation, confounding (whether the effect size is too large to be explained away by confounding), and the hypothesis-generating nature of the inferential process.

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