An endoscope (which contains a surgical light and small camera) is placed through the tube, allowing the surgeon to view the annulus, disc, and epidural space on a video monitor.

经工作套管放置内镜(它带有手术光源和小摄像机)，允许外科医生通过视频屏幕观察纤维环、椎间盘、硬膜外间隙。

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Objective to review the indication, surgical procedure, postoperative monitor and immunosuppressive agents application for heart transplantation of end stage dilated cardiomyopathy in children.

目的探讨心脏移植治疗儿童晚期扩张型心肌病的手术适应证、外科治疗方法、术后监测、免疫抑制剂的应用。

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Methods: Using CCD camera to monitor surgical process and build a automatic feedback control system for judging the sudden change of color or brightness around laser hole.

方法：提出采用面阵CCD实时监视手术过程，并建立了孔切穿时色彩突变或亮度突变的识别反馈控制系统。

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