For the chemistry of life to be remotely detected, we must find a planet where photosynthesis is is being conducted by surface organisms.

对于需要远距离探测的生命化学，我们必须要找到一个通过表面生物进行光合作用的星球。

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Algae range in size from single-celled organisms to giant kelp plants. Some live near the surface of the ocean, and these algae need nitrogen to grow.

海藻包括小到单细胞有机体、大到巨型褐藻的多种类型植物，有些海藻生长于海面附近，依赖氮元素成长。

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"We know that surface use of dispersants decreases the environmental risk to shorelines and organisms at the surface and we know that dispersants break down over weeks rather than remaining for several years as untreated oil might."

VOA: standard.2010.05.18

The problems of getting at Lake Vostok (and of preventing organisms from the surface from contaminating it) are, give or take the billion kilometre spaceflight required to get there, the same as those that would arise in any attempt to get a probe into Europa's putative oceans.

ECONOMIST: Planetary pretenders

Phytoplankton -- microscopic organisms that congregate near the ocean surface - absorb atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis.

CNN: Topical waters

Whether the presence of acid conditions or surface active digestive substances in the guts of such marine organisms can desorb and release contaminants in significant quantities to cause such effects, or whether such a response is to their physical presence, remains to be answered.

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