At least 60 to 70 calories per square centimeter of thermal energy are required to produce surface melting or darkening.

要使这些物质表面熔化或变黑，至少需要每平方厘米有60到70卡的热能。

youdao

He said the darkening of the Martian surface during some times of the year was caused by the growth of plants.

VOA: special.2010.07.11

He painted directly onto this surface, often in acrylics, sometimes brushing on a layer of darkening varnish before the paint cured.

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