Although the water vapor convergence in the surface boundary layer is very important, the rainfall amount depends on the vertically integrated moisture flux convergence.

虽然边界层的水汽辐合对降水的形成很重要，但降水量的大小取决于整层水汽通量辐合的大小。

youdao

Like carbon dioxide, black carbon absorbs sunlight and infrared radiation, trapping heat in the atmosphere — including the boundary layer closest to Earth's surface.

像二氧化碳一样，黑碳吸收阳光和红外线辐射，将热量滞留在大气中-包括最接近地球表面的边界层。

youdao

The measurement results show that there is really a distortional boundary layer displacement surface on the ground board, and it fully differs from natural growing boundary layer on the ground board.

测量结果表明：在地板上确实存在一个畸变的附面层位移面，它与自然增长的地板附面层截然不同。

youdao

The vortex generators themselves are pins or vanes that protrude from the surface and set up microscopic eddies in the boundary layer.

ECONOMIST: The turbulent world of swimming