Emergent properties arising via thermodynamic and morphodynamic constraints are abundant in non-life: the hardness of minerals; the malleability of metals; the surface tension of liquids.
非生命物质，由于热力学和形态动力学约束，得到的自然发生的性质是丰富多彩的：矿物的硬度，金属的延展性，以及液体表面的张力。
It analyzed main factors of arising spectrum analysis error which including specimen decarburization layer depth, surface roughness, describing, etc.
分析了引起光谱分析误差的主要因素，如试样脱碳层深度、表面粗糙度、描迹等。
Bearing contact fatigue failure of the working surface by means of alternating the role of stress arising from failure.
接触疲劳失效系指轴承工作表面受到交变应力的作用而产生失效。
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