This tiered supply chain model is depicted in Figure 1.

这种分层供应链模型如图1所示。

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The two-stage supply chain model of manufacturer and distributor is developed, which is widely adopted in server and distribution system.

研究仅具有制造商和销售商的二级供应链模型，这类模型广泛适用于服务销售系统。

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In a two-stage supply chain composed of a supplier and a retailer, the supply chain model in fuzzy continuous demand environment is researched.

研究一个由供应商和零售商组成的两级供应链系统在模糊连续需求环境下的运作过程。

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The company can manage its profit margins by raising prices on select items and by using a more flexible inventory and supply chain model to respond to cost pressures and new opportunities as they arise.

FORBES: Nike's Swoosh Into Emerging Markets Blunts Impact Of Higher Costs

Other than inventing the scale-based supply-chain-squeeze model of retail, which must go down as one of the great business innovations of all time, Wal-Mart is hardly known as a foresight-based player.

FORBES: Wal-Mart is Taking the Long View on Africa

Such limited customisation encourages a build-to-order model, without the need for a supply chain drowned by a huge number of parts.

ECONOMIST: Face value