In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…

第二句话对解释进行总的说明：“在实地作业中，通过将一系列波列源，诸如小规模炸药爆炸，排列成一个网格模式，从而将地下层面标绘出来。” 接下来是“地震反射法”的详细过程。

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Well and fracture spacing are two subsurface challenges that have the largest impact on net present value in large-scale field development of unconventional Wells.

井间距和裂缝间距是地下所面临的两大挑战，对大规模非常规井油田开发的净现值影响最大。

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Accordingly, a field observation scheme for rainfall, stream flow and subsurface flow is implemented.

设计了相应的野外观测方案，对各径流及降雨量作同步连续观测。

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