On the aspect of labor demand, this paper focuses on the substitution effects of capital and technology and the income effects.

劳动力需求方面，重点分析了资本和技术的替代作用以及收入水平对劳动力需求的影响。

youdao

That’s possible in theory (income effects overwhelming substitution effects), but once you put it that way it seems highly unlikely.

理论上这有可能（指收入效用大于替代效用），但是你要那样想就好像太不靠谱了。

youdao

This paper analyzes the stimulation intensity using the game theory, and also studies the substitution effects of kinds of stimulation methods.

本文利用信息博弈论分析激励强度的确定，分析其他因素替代效应，对于有效管理销售人员具有重要的参考价。

youdao

While the income effects sum to zero, the substitution effects aggregate.

WSJ: Arthur B. Laffer: Unemployment Benefits Aren't Stimulus

The long term effects are going to be greater than the short (because of capital substitution) but how we would measure those no one is really sure.

FORBES: Overestimating The Effect Of A Minimum Wage Rise