在LLSV（2000）的研究当中，他们将股利代理理论分成结果模型（Outcome Model）与替代模型（Substitute Model），结果模型认为股利是股东利益保护的结果，保护程度与股利支付率成正比，而替代模型则将现金股利看作是股东利益保护的替代工具，...
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function substitute model 功能替代模型
multivariate substitute model 多元替换模型
the Imperfect Substitute Model 不完全替代模型
Substitute goods model 替代品模型
substitute solution model 替换溶液模型
substitute analytical model 等代分析模型
Another benefit of an SOA programming model, fostered by the previously mentioned traits, is the ability to substitute one component for another at various times during the software life cycle.
SOA编程模型的另一个好处(来源于前面提到的特性)是能够在软件生命周期的不同阶段用一个组件替换另一个组件。
As you state that delivery of all items is a matter of urgency, we would like to recommend Model No. 458 as a substitute which is similar in design and quality but lower in price to Model No. 456.
正如你方所述，急需该批货物，因此我方想推荐货号458作为替代品，该产品在款式与质量上与货号456相似，但价格更低。
Prospect theory is a very successful descriptive model about decision making under risk during recent several decades, it challenges the expected utility theory to fight, and even can substitute it.
前景理论是近几十年来一个优秀的关于风险下决策的描述性模型，它的出现是对预期效用理论的一个挑战，甚至可以说是对预期效用理论的一个替代。
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