The first, analyze the family saving income effect and substitute effect.

第一，分析对家庭储蓄的收入效应和替代效应。

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Weather the income tax influence on saving behavior is positive or negative depends on the net effect of income effect and substitute effect resulted by the tax saving.

所得税对储蓄行为的影响是积极的还是消极的，取决于税收储蓄的收入效应与替代效应的相对大小。

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Some theoretical and empirical research indicated that there are two kinds of relations between public information and private information: substitute effect and supplementary effect.

已有的一些理论和实证研究表明，公开信息和私有信息之间存在两种不同的关系——替代效应和互补效应。

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That has a knock-on effect on substitute forms of energy.

BBC: Energy bills, and loose change

Military service had a neutral effect on socioeconomic attainment, and therefore did not substitute for additional formal education among these veteran enlisted men.

CENTERFORSECURITYPOLICY: Veteran earnings are competitive