This may be through formal subcontracting arrangements, or through joint assessment activity, or by other means.

这可以通过正式的分包合同布置，或通过结合评价活动，或通过其他手段。

youdao

Based on the different characteristics of partnership model and arms length model of subcontracting, the incentive effects of different regulation arrangements were analyzed.

针对分包供应的合作关系模式和一般交易关系模式的不同特点，对不同制度安排对供应商的激励效果进行了研究。

youdao

There is a kind of manufacturing, often with high components of craft work, which needs to be in urban areas because it is networked, depends on contracting and subcontracting arrangements, and often needs direct contact with customers.

FORBES: The Global City And The Global Slum