FOR around 40 years scientists have understood how genes work. They have known the structure of genes, how they replicate, how they are controlled and expressed and, crucially, how to manipulate them.

过去的大约40年里，科学家已经知道了基因是如何运作的，他们知道了基因的结构，他们如何复制，如何调控和表达，以及最重要——如何操纵他们。

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Structure and function of genes, chromosomes and genomes.

基因、染色体与基因组的结构和功能。

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If crucial genes are not switched on during foetal development as they should be, that can permanently change the structure and function of an unborn baby for life.

如果在胎儿发育中，关键的基因没有正常运作，那将永久改变一个未出生婴儿的生命结构与功能。

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Their goal was to understand the structure or organization of human genes.

VOA: special.2010.03.23

There might be these, what are called epigenetic differences that I mentioned changes in the structure around DNA, and those changes lead to differences in which fraction of the total genes in the chromosomes are being expressed by a particular cell.

可能存在的差异,叫做表观遗传差异,我之前说过的DNA结构上的变化,而这些变化导致,在特定细胞中,染色体组的全部基因中,只有一部分表达出来

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Both genes help in building and transporting proteins and making sure they're in the right place in cell structure -- a process called RNA processing.

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