Eventually the human volunteers exhibited a startle response upon seeing the first spider without the pain stimulus being administered.

最终，志愿者看到第一种蜘蛛时即使没有接受疼痛刺激也表现出惊惧反映反应。

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The researchers found that people given propranolol had a much lower emotional response—measured by a startle reflex—to the images.

研究者发现，服用了心得安的人们对这些图片的情绪反应——通过惊吓反射测量——低了很多。

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The researchers found that people given propranolol had a much lower emotional response — measured by a startle reflex — to the images.

通过惊吓反射测量，研究者发现，服用了治疗心脏病的药品的人们对这些图片的情绪反应低很多。

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Hyperarousal symptoms include difficulty falling or staying asleep, irritability or outbursts of anger, difficulty concentrating, being hypervigilant and finally, demonstrating an exaggerated startle response.

CNN: PTSD: Know the symptoms and when to get help