The working substance of those cycles may be quantum gas, spin systems, harmonic oscillators systems, two level or multi-level systems.
这些量子热力学循环所用工质一般有量子气体、自旋系统、谐振子系统、二能级或多能级系统。
参考来源 - 自旋系统和谐振子系统量子热力学循环性能分析·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
Recently, the study of the random quantum spin systems attracts lots of attention of many researchers.
近年来，随机量子自旋系统的研究成为人们关注的热点问题之一。
The dynamical properties of spin systems are very important in the field of phase transitions and critical phenomena.
自旋系统的动力学性质是相变与临界现象研究中非常重要的一个问题。
The sequence-specific assignment of spin systems was obtained by noes correlation in wet-noesy spectra and the complete assignment of proton resonances for backbone and side chain has been achieved.
通过解析noesy谱中的noe相关点，完成了对其序列以及主链和侧链质子的全部归属。
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