The results showed that reducing thiols concentration can reduce specific surface energy, so as to enhance transfer efficiency and spreading effect of ink on substrate surface.

结果表明：降低硫醇浓度可降低其比表面能，从而增大转移率和增强在基底表面的铺展效果。

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The important factors influencing the gaps closing include the gap height, the spatial wavelength, the specific surface energy of adhesion, the material deformability and the silicon wafer thickness.

硅片的表面起伏幅度、起伏的空间波长、表面张力、材料弹性和硅片厚度都是影响接触表面缝隙封闭的重要因素。

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When a photon strikes the surface, it excites an electron to a higher energy level, which is specific to the material.

当光子照射到材料表面时，电子受到光子的激发由一个能级跳到更高的能级上，而这些能级对材料来说是特定的。

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Hot springs are perhaps the most recognizable signs of geothermal energy stored under the Earth's surface in any specific area.

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