So, the cluster effect is the essential one of the urban spatial effects.
城市作为经济要素聚集地，其最主要的空间效应就是集聚效应。
参考来源 - 新形势下城市竞争力的探讨Considering the spatial effects, the modified calculation formula was also presented. This calculation method also applied to shield construction.
考虑空间效应,给出了修正的计算公式。
参考来源 - 顶管工程土与结构的性状及理论研究·2,447,543篇论文数据，部分数据来源于NoteExpress
The MC method to modify spatial effects in rod-insertion is studied in this paper.
研究了MC方法在插棒法空间效应修正因子计算中的应用。
The time and spatial effects of excavation considering variation of seepage free surface outside of foundation pit were further investigated.
进一步研究了考虑坑外渗流自由面随时间变化的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应。
The time and spatial effects of excavation considering the variation of water head difference between the inside and the outside of a foundation pit were then investigated.
研究了考虑坑内外水头差变化时的基坑工程时间效应和空间效应，并与不考虑坑内外水头差变化的情况进行了对比。
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