These two fundamental layers are designed to defeat the two main threats in an explosion: the overpressure pulse, or shockwave; and the fragmentation, commonly known as shrapnel.

其中两个基本保护层旨在抵抗爆炸中产生的两类主要威胁：超压脉冲，或者叫冲击波；以及通常由弹片构成的碎片伤害。

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These two fundamental layers are designed to defeat the two main threats in an explosion: the overpressure pulse, or shockwave;

其中两个基本保护层旨在抵抗爆炸中产生的两类主要威胁：超压脉冲，或者叫冲击波；

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Exactly a year ago a 9% tumble of Shanghai’s stockmarket sent a shockwave around the world that knocked a couple of percentage points off the Dow Jones Industrial Average in a matter of seconds.

去年的这一天，上海证券市场的单日跌幅达到了9%，这一冲击波引发了全球金融市场的震荡，美国的道琼斯工业指数也应声而落，下跌了几个百分点。

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"The interesting thing is that the protons don't get accelerated in the supernova explosion itself, but they get accelerated in what we call the remnant - the shockwave that is created in the explosion and then moves away through the interstellar medium, " said Dr Funk.

BBC: Cosmic rays: Fermi telescope settles mystery of origin