Pricing and risk evaluation are the core contents of the study on shadow tolls.

定价研究和风险评估构成了影子收费的核心内容。

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The paper first introduces some traditional pricing methods such as cost analysis method, shadow price method and so on, and then the paper analyzes the characteristics of each pricing method.

本文在介绍了传统的一些定价方法(如：成本分析法、影子价格法等方法)后，对其特点进行分析。

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But fellow Conservative, former shadow home secretary David Davis described minimum pricing as a "blunderbuss policy" which would punish responsible drinkers on low incomes and pensioners.

BBC: David Cameron vows to end cheap alcohol sales