This article concerns the shadow cost concept and discusses the relationship between shadow cost and dual price according to linear programmings economic meaning of dual variable and shadow price.

本文根据线性规划问题对偶变量和影子价格的经济意义，给出了影子成本的概念，讨论了影子成本与对偶价格的关系。

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Everyone knows that foreclosure is an awful experience, but I think many of us we surprised at how high the shadow cost of breaching must be.

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Shadow Cabinet Office minister Tessa Jowell agreed that the cost of the redundancy scheme needed to be reduced and currently provides "overly generous and disproportionate benefits for some very highly-paid people".

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The Arcoxia results will represent yet another minefield for Merck, now operating under the shadow of more than 11, 000 Vioxx lawsuits that could cost it many billions of dollars.

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