The process of polymerization of silicic acid was observed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

用透射电子显微镜（TEM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了硅酸溶胶的聚合过程。

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The morphologies and structures obtained the anodized aluminum films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom force microscopy (AFM).

并用扫描电子显微镜(sem)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和原子力显微镜(afm)对阳极氧化铝膜的形貌和结构进行了表征。

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X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and photoluminescence spectra were used to characterize the resulted BAM phosphor.

通过X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）以及荧光光谱对获得的试样进行了表征。

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