The optical modulation characteristics, differential gain (DG), differential phase (DP) and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) are described as well in this paper.

文中论述了光调制特性、微分增益（DG）、微分相位（DP）、信噪比（S/N）等重要问题。

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DG's Mr Thiemann has been instrumental in centralising the mutual banks' asset-management, payments and securities businesses, which should boost efficiency and reduce problems at outlying banks.

ECONOMIST: Germany��s alien mutuals