者认为，没有充分考虑反向因果关系(reverse causation)及剂量效应模式或许是造成这一现象的原因。为改变这一状况，他们进行了一项前瞻性研究，对上述两个因素进行了分析。
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Objective to explain how to use Mendelian randomization for reasonable etiological inferences to avoid confounding and reverse causation often seen in observational epidemiological studies.
目的阐述在观察性流行病学研究中如何运用孟德尔随机化方法进行科学合理的病因推断，以控制混杂因素和反向因果关联对结果的影响。
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Maybe the causation flows in reverse: voters elect Republicans in times of economic hardship and Democrats when the economy (and the stock market) is doing well.
FORBES: Maybe Tall Democratic Presidents Are Better For Stocks
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