In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us—the so-called fight-or-flight response.

从纯粹的生物学意义上讲，恐惧始于身体系统对可能会伤害我们的事情的反应，也就是所谓的“战或逃反应”。

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That first touch of ice apparently triggers a biological response inside the frog.

青蛙第一次接触到冰显然会触发其体内的生理反应。

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They are reported to serve as biological response modifiers with the capability to activate macrophages and T-cells, and to produce cytokines, interleukins and tumor necrosis factors.

它们被认为是生物反应的调节者，具有有激活巨噬细胞和T细胞的能力，并产生细胞因子、白细胞介素和肿瘤坏死因子。

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Ms O'Toole says that hardly any American cities have practised their response to a biological attack.

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This is called a hormetic response, a little bit of a biological stress, below toxic levels, activates defenses in the body.

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However, due to the strong correlation with biological and contextual determinants, the response called for interdisciplinary and multisector collaborations.

ECONOMIST: Letters