In the meantime, the reserve margin—the excess of generation capacity overpeak demand—has shrunk to about 8%, compared with the international standard ofat least 15%.

同时，电源储备量——超过峰值需量的额外发电容量——已减少了8％，而国际标准是至少15％。

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Under the condition of competitive generation market, spinning reserve is an important ancillary service, its cost analysis is a problem needed to be urgently resolved.

在竞争的发电市场环境下，备用作为一种重要的辅助服务，其成本分析是一个急待解决的问题。

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ISD1420 is a fresh generation speech chip which can make recorded speech data reserve permanently, and is high fidelity, low power consumption, fit for interfacing with microcomputer.

ISD1420是一种录音数据永久保存、高保真、耗电小、适用于同单片机接口的新一代语音器件。

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These developments are likely to result in accelerated decommissioning costs, increased capital expenditures for higher cost replacement generation, lower reserve margins, and higher operating costs at existing nuclear plants as a result of increased scrutiny, more stringent safety procedures, and longer required maintenance outages.

FORBES: Japan's Nuclear Crisis: Moody's Reviews Eight Utilities for Possible Downgrades

The BPA continues to express concerns that wind operators will force it to reserve a greater percentage of its hydro generation as backup reserves and could ultimately compromise operations if too much water builds up.

FORBES: Grid Operators Drop Plan for Rolling Wind-Farm Outages

If the forecast differs from the actual generation, the shortfall must be met by using reserve capacity.

ECONOMIST: Wind farms