Using the property of Markov at the points of replacement period, a model of determining the optimal period is developed with objective of maximizing the mean time to first failure of system.

利用在更换周期点上具有的马尔可夫性质，以系统首次故障前平均工作时间最大为目标建立了确定最佳更换周期的模型。

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The effects of the kinds of filling and replacement atoms and the form of filling on the lattice thermal conductivity and thermo-electric property were discussed in this paper.

系统研究了填充原子的种类、填充方式以及置换原子的种类对晶格热导率及热电性能的影响。

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The replacement of intact or repairable historic materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a property will be avoided.

要避免更换历史建筑的原始材料和可修复历史材料，也要避免改变表现历史建筑特征的外观、空间和空间关系。

youdao

If a surge in demand pushes the price of existing property above its replacement cost, developers have an incentive to build more.

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By buying the property at a fraction of its replacement cost, the KKR venture will have capital to invest in building space for new tenants.

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