Whereas the new literary view focuses on the narrative function of literature, in which narration is a kind of symbol and the relation between literature and life is not reflection but imagination.

而新的文学观则强调文学的叙述功能，叙事是一种象征，文学与生活的关系不是反映关系而是想像关系。

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By abstracting of relative position, orientation and topology relation between part function surfaces as a qualitative symbol set, the conceptual part structure qualitative models are presented.

通过将零件上功能表面之间的相对位置、朝向以及拓扑关系抽象成定性符号集合，建立了概念零件结构定性模型。

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American philosopher Peirce divided signs into icon, index and symbol according to the relation between sign and its object.

美国哲学家皮尔士根据符号与指称对象之间的关系把符号分为类象符号、指示符号、抽象符号。

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