They took a crystal, this is a single crystal of nickel that has regular planes of atoms, and those planes are spaced on the order of an angstrom or less apart, and they irradiated this with x-rays.
In the second mode of working, the crystal fibre uses the regular array of holes to influence light in much the same way as the arrangement of atoms in a crystal can determine whether electrons are able to travel easily through it and hence whether the crystal is electrically conducting or not.
Phonics teaching is an important component of the teaching of reading, but not all words in English are phonically regular (the linguist David Crystal estimates 80% are, but the other 20% contains many of the most common words in English).