abstract:The Refuse Act is a United States federal statute governing use of waterways. The Act, a section of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, prohibited "dumping of refuse" into navigable waters, except by permit..
Everyone agrees that the court must complement, not replace, national courts and should act only where national courts have collapsed, lost all credibility or blatantly refuse to act themselves.
But the term sanctuary doesn't apply in those cities where there's been no formal declaration but police, on their own initiative, simply refuse to act as surrogate immigration officers.