ACD changes and relevant factors should be considered in studying the accuracy of IOL refraction formula and in adjusting the calculated data.

在研究IOL屈光度数计算公式的准确性和调整公式的计算值时，应考虑术后acd的变化及其相关因素。

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For this new type fiber end, the ray refraction formula at a spherical surface and the ray trace equation are used to analyze ray transformation properties.

借助于光纤在球面上的折射公式及光线传输方程，分析了这种新型单模光纤端的光学传递性质。

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The Gauss's formula in Geometrical optics derived without relying on specific mechanisms such as reflection and refraction.

几何光学中高斯公式的推导可以不依赖象反射和折射这些特定的基本原理。

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