However, the excessive refinement of grains resulted in the growth stress increase of the oxides film and then the oxide films cracked and shed; as a result, the oxidation was exacerbated.

但晶粒过细时，导致氧化膜内生长应力的增加，引起氧化膜的开裂、脱落，从而加剧了氧化。

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As with grains, the problem is not the sugars themselves, but the refinement of the fruit.

至于谷物，问题不在于糖本身，而是水果的精制。

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The results show that, increasing cooling rate, pre-deformation and grain refinement are useful for spreading of the non-equilibrium microstructure around the primary grains.

结果表明：增加冷却速率、预变形处理和晶粒细化有利于初始凝固组织中存在的非平衡组织的分散细化。

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