Vivien Thomas, who had no formal medical training, in struggling against overwhelming odds, he became a cardiac surgeon and eventually to receive an honorary doctorate from Johns Hopkins University.

薇薇安·托马斯没有接受过正式的医学训练，但他努力抗击重重困难，成为了一名心脏外科医生，并最终获得了约翰·霍普金斯大学的荣誉博士学位。

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If you find that you often receive unhelpful help, here are several ideas could increase your odds of getting good input.

FORBES: What to Do About Unhelpful Help

First of all, most journalists at highly sought-after media properties receive hundreds of PR come-ons daily, making the odds of your email being opened very slim indeed.

FORBES: PR's Mandate in 2013

And the higher a country's income, the better the odds that a synchronised swimmer, say, will receive the training and facilities needed to compete with the world's best.

ECONOMIST: s predict the medal tally