In X-ray crystallography, scientists turn large quantities of a protein or virus into crystal form, placing it in front of an X-ray beam.

运用X射线晶体学，科学家将大量的蛋白质或者病毒转换成了晶体形式，将其置于一束X射线光束之前。

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The nanoprobe excites the sample with a strongly focused X-ray beam and collects the characteristic fluorescence signal that is re-emitted.

纳米探针通过聚焦强X射线激发样品，然后收集发射出的特征荧光。

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The researchers then narrowed down the X-ray beam so that it was just a tenth of a millimetre across and found that the fractal-like regions occurred only where the beam struck the sample.

研究人员随后将X射线的光束收窄，使其只有十分之一毫米宽，这时他们发现，碎片形的区域只出现在射线照射的地方。

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It is an electron beam. In the 1890s, the latter part of the 19th century a very fashionable word was "ray."

那是个电子束，在十九世纪九十年代，就是19世纪末,一个很时髦的词汇-“光线“

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

So rather than calling this an electron beam, this was called a cathode ray.

因此我们最好别叫它电子束，而是阴极射线。

麻省理工公开课 - 固态化学导论课程节选

The specimen is then rotated on a mechanised platform as it is exposed to the X-ray beam, in order to build up a three-dimensional picture.

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X-ray beam, but have proved hard to manufacture in the past.

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