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The study also looked at variables associated with the various outcomes, relevant to questions 1 through 4, concerning the student background in terms of family and socio-economic background.
UNESCO: Article on assesment
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As the research questions indicate, ICCS did not look only into civic knowledge learning outcomes, which are relevant to research questions 1 and 2, but also at learner attitudes and behaviour (question 3) and perceptions (question 4).
UNESCO: Article on assesment
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In terms of civic knowledge (questions 1 and 2), the authors found a significant difference in learning outcomes by country, which should probably be seen in the light of the widely different approaches to civic education in the countries.
UNESCO: Article on assesment