We used a proxy measure for disease activity.

我们用替代的方法估算疾病活动度。

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If they want to select for intellectual skills they must resort to a proxy measure.

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Ratings provide a proxy measure of country risk and demonstrate a country's commitment to transparency, both of which should help attract foreign capital.

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In other words, we expect that students do have an incentive to minimize their costs (unless the subsidy program is set up in such a way to negate that incentive), though the fact that students use price as a proxy measure for quality in higher ed likely significantly dampens this effect.

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