The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen.

贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。

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The protein was found to help neuronal cells in the brain repair errors when they had connected to the wrong type of cell, reports an international team of researchers in the journal PLoS Biology.

普罗斯生物学杂志上一个国际研究组报道，当大脑中的神经元连接出错时，这种蛋白质能帮助神经元修正错误。

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The mutation itself is in a gene for a nerve-cell protein of a type known as an ion channel.

变异的基因是编码一种叫做离子通道的神经细胞蛋白质。

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The physical manifestations of the disease that Alois Alzheimer noticed in 1906 are sticky plaques of one type of protein, now known as beta-amyloid, and nerve-cell-engulfing tangles of a second type, called tau protein.

ECONOMIST: Alzheimer's disease

With the help of Chiara Cirelli, who also works at the University of Wisconsin, Dr Tononi has created a mutant fruit fly that sleeps only two or three hours a night. (A normal fly sleeps between eight and 14 hours.) The mutation itself is in a gene for a nerve-cell protein of a type known as an ion channel.

ECONOMIST: Memory formation

Specifically, she used antibodies to a particular type of the protein, known as collagen I, that had been extracted from chickens.

ECONOMIST: Some 68m-year-old evidence that birds are dinosaurs