Then along came RNA editing, in which guide RNAs or enzyme action modify some messenger RNAs such that the final protein sequence cannot be deduced from the gene sequence alone.

但RNA编辑又来捣乱了：向导RNA和酶作用于信使RNA的修饰过程，这就使仅仅从基因序列来推断最终的蛋白序列成为不可能。

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Nucleotide and protein sequence databases are major resources for biological and medical research.

核酸和蛋白质序列数据库是生物学和医学研究的重要资源。

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After sequencing, we can affirm the uniqueness of the protein sequence.

经测序后确认这些蛋白序列的惟一性。

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One of them has the right sequence of codons to specify the amino acid sequence of the protein, and the other one has a complimentary sequence.

该段带有正确的密码子序列,能够指导氨基酸序列合成蛋白质,另一段则是它的互补序列

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

Now the problem with that is a problem I mentioned before, that most human genes are not just a straight sequence from beginning to end of the protein that you're interested in.

但现在的问题,是我之前提到过的,大多数人类基因不是一个连续的序列,从头到尾都对应你想要的蛋白质

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

When we talk about gene expression than we're talking about this whole sequence of events I just described: transcription, RNA processing, translation to make the protein.

当我们谈到基因表达的时候,我们就是在讨论,一系列我们刚才提到的过程,即转录,RNA加工,翻译成蛋白质

耶鲁公开课 - 生物医学工程探索课程节选

This makes sense: biologics are notoriously tricky to manufacture, and both their safety and efficacy depends not only on the specific protein sequence of the molecule, but on the highly specific culture conditions used to manufacture it.

FORBES: Strategy: Why Big Pharmas Do What They Do -- And How Silicon Valley Might Help Them Think Differently

One roadblock to synthbio's future is the messed-up patent environment in biotech, where every tiny protein pathway and gene sequence has an owner wanting to get paid.

FORBES: Drew Endy aims to reinvent the biotechnology industry.

But when the virus produces protein, a troublesome mutation results in a change to the amino acid sequence that makes up the protein.

ECONOMIST: Viruses: Hunt the mutant | The