Policy makers base overarching decisions on historical aggregates and pure conjecture programmed into computer models.

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Leaders know what types of decisions raise moral red flags in their organizations: if people make these decisions electronically, their computers might be programmed to require contemplation time before their choices can be finalized (and even to fill this contemplation time with reminders of the organization's ethical values).

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Unlike a conventional spacecraft, which would be navigated on the basis of signals sent to and from ground controllers, Deep Space 1 is programmed to make its own left-right, up-down decisions on data from sensors that look at the stars to track position and guide course changes.

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