At a later stage, the commodities also developed derivatives contracts, with consumers and producers hedging the risk of volatile prices with over-the-counter swaps and, later, futures contracts.

后来，大宗商品还开发出了衍生品合约，先是场外掉期合约，接着是期货合约，让消费者和生产商得以对冲价格波动风险。

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Producers of commodities enter into futures contracts to hedge their risk, but need a party to take the other side.

商品生产者签订远期来避免风险，但合约是双方事项，缺一不可。

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ABSTRACT: PET plastic bottles will reduce both waste and costs for consumers and producers alike. But with change comes risk. Would you buy wine in a plastic bottle?

摘要：塑料酒瓶将会减少废物排放，并且减少生产商和消费者的支出。但是变化难免具有风险，您会去买塑料瓶装的葡萄酒吗？

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Shale-gas producers also face opposition from greens, who object to the industry's heavy water usage and a small risk that fracking could lead to contamination of aquifers and even to earthquakes.

ECONOMIST: The ��golden age of gas�� could be cleaner than greens think

There is substantial upside potential in rare earth mineral stocks, and though a decisive bottom is not yet in place, risk-controlled entry points are evident for three leading producers.

FORBES: A New Trend for Rare Earth Stocks?

How can we write without the old serious publications, make movies without risk-taking Hollywood producers, live without cheap urban housing, discover art without the underground, make a career without the circulation-desk jobs?

NEWYORKER: What She Said